How solar energy works

How Solar Energy Works

The Sun is the source of life on our planet. It?s not only the source of light, but also the source of heat and other forms of energy. Even the energy stored in our food, fossil-fuel; all these are actually results of previous ?insolation? (sunshine). Probably that?s why old civilizations used to worship the sun as a god. It?s amazing to know that one hour of solar energy, if fully harnessed, can fulfil a whole year of energy need on earth!

How Does Solar Energy Work?

The sunlight reaches the earth?s surface in form of:

1. light or the visible radiation (frequencies that produce the spectra ?violet to red? while passing through a prism)

2. heat or invisible infrared radiation (frequencies below [=infra] red spectrum)

3. high-frequency ultra-violet radiation (frequencies beyond [=ultra] violet spectrum). The use of the light needs no elaboration. The heat is the energy we use to dry clothes, run the water-cycle (evaporation-cloud-rain). The UV is that causes the tan on our skin or causes skin-cancer.

But the light form is used in another way now-a-days, a way that has opened towards the new horizon of renewable energy; the solar-electricity. This process of converting the light into electricity is called PV or photovoltaic.

How Do Solar Cells or Solar Panels Work?

Solar Cells convert light directly into electricity. On a sunny day, the electricity converted from an area of 1 square-meter can feed a 100W light-bulb. Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells are generally silicon-based (silicon is an element extracted from sand) pieces that absorb the sunlight.

One end of the Silicon (Si) piece is doped with Boron (B) which is considered as the positive (+ve) end and the other end is doped with Phosphorus (P), which is the negative (-ve) end. When light falls onto the solar cell, electrons are displaced from the atoms of Silicon. However, the electrons tend to move towards Phosphorus which attracts electrons (negative charges). Thereby, there is a surplus of electrons in ?ve end and a shortage of electrons in the +ve end.

If a conducting line is formed up outside the cell between the +ve and ?ve ends, an electrical flow is generated and a working circuit is constructed. This electricity is a direct current or DC (unidirectional flow) like a battery. But DC is not suitable for common use, so DC is converted through an ?inverter? to alternating current or AC. This AC can be transformed into required ?voltage? through a ?transformer?.

This process of converting sunlight into electricity is called the photovoltaic process. A combination of PV cells makes a PV module, a set of PV modules form a PV panel or commonly called solar panel. Even greater powers can be achieved through a collection of PV panels put together in an ?Array?.

The Chain of Harnessing Solar Energy

Summarising all these, here is the chain of Solar Energy:

a. The Sun radiates light

b. The PV cells convert solar radiation into electricity

d. This electricity is like battery-generated electricity (unidirectional flow of current) or the DC.

e. The inverter converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC).

f. The transformer guarantees that the voltage of the electricity coming from the inverter is the one we require.

g. The distribution scheme receives electricity produced by the system and combines it with other electric sources.

h. There could be electric meters to measure the amount of electricity produced.

How to fix your follow-up and solve your advertising, marketing and sales problems immediately

How to Fix Your Follow-up and Solve Your Advertising, Marketing and Sales Problems Immediately

Copyright (c) 2008 Hal Hoadley

Let’s continue where we left off with «HOW TO FIX YOUR FOLLOW-UP.»

The one thing you need to do right now is to Show Up More. To do this most effectively, you’ll need a direct marketing system. All wealth in America comes from systems. If you want proof, just take a look at the Ford Motor Company. They were first to come up with the assembly line and franchised dealerships in their industry.

The follow-up system is where the giant opportunity is because most businesses do little or no follow-up whatsoever. Response develops through your follow-up system. Whatever your response from a single attempt, it tends to as much as double with the second and third follow-up attempts, and double again with the fourth through whatever follow-up steps you take. Once you understand the virtues of this kind of system, develop it and get it working the quicker you’ll reap the benefits.

Now all that talk about setting up a follow-up system sounds great, but why don’t very many businesses do this? There are three dominant reasons the vast majority of businesses shown this systematic approach fail to develop it for their own business.

1. It’s too hard or it’s too time consuming. It’s work to get it built, tested and working for you successfully.
2. It’s Intricate! A multifaceted marketing system is sustainable and most competitors are too lazy and simple-minded to copy it, even if it is successful.
3. It’s hard to do it manually.

Just as a reminder, I have gathered this information for you while attending the half-day conference with Dan Kennedy (Godfather of Info-Marketing) in August 2008. His direct marketing systems show us how a system directly reaches out to, connects with and brings the desired prospective customer or client to you. His systems also give insight on how to shorten the sales cycle.

«Why is the path to the sale so long?»

You don’t give them sufficient reasons to buy now. You must give them sufficient reasons to buy now. There is a matter of insufficient trust. You must make yourself more trustful. More contacts make them know you better. So, do lots of contacts.

Now let’s talk about closing percentages. You want to take them from 20% to 80%. Here is a sequence that is used quite successfully in Dan Kennedy’s direct marketing systems. You want to extend an invitation designed for a specific audience via a variety of means and media. That could be print advertising, banner advertising at others websites, buying traffic for your website, direct mail to compiled mailing lists or email to opt-in lists. Regardless of means or media, in every place, the same invitation is extended. It is kept simple and clean. It is not an attempt to sell your products or services at all. It’s an invitation for the recipient to request and be provided something of relevance, interest and value to him, free of charge. The more appealing and specifically relevant the item offered, the better the response. That is step one, lead generation. Once you have captured their information, a series of provocative follow-up steps occur, from you, the marketer, to the prospective customer or client. You may treat them all the same and assign them all the same Follow-Up Communications Program. They will all get a series or sequence of multi-media follow-up communications, all designed to persuade them to take one next step. Regardless of the action taken, everything moves the prospects toward this one next step. This is where a follow-up system may divide up the prospects to begin with and send different communications to different groups.

Every business should have an «Alarm Bell» to be included with your follow-up system. You need to know where your customer is and why he isn’t back. You’ll want to have alarm bells for your customers. You’ll want to have more follow-up during campaigns, much more and better «Relationship Marketing» and follow-up day to day.

A false belief many do follow: «get em now or they’re gone forever». With proper follow-up you will not fall for this lie and you can prove it to yourself in a short period of time using a follow-up system.

Here is the Million Dollar question:

WHAT’S NEXT?

This is the marketing principle of «NO DEAD ENDS», everything is a «Cul-de-Sac».

I hope you got a lot out of «How To Fix Your Follow-Up» and start implementing your own follow-up systems. Remember, the best thing to do right now is to let your customers know that your doors are still open and invite them to come by or call even if it’s just to say hello.

Is glaswegian lost in translation

Is Glaswegian lost in translation?

Deals are said to have sunk when entrepreneurs from England or abroad were confronted with the patois synonymous with Rab C Nesbitt, the fictional string-vested Govan ne’erdowell. Jurga Zilinskiene, the Lithuanian boss of Today Translations, insists the move is no gimmick and there is a real need for staff capable of making “Weegie” understood from Vilnius to Vancouver. “We are aware that some of our foreign and UK clients can find the Glaswegian accent difficult to decipher,” states Zilinskiene in near perfect received pronunciation. “While it’s unusual for us to want someone to translate a dialect of English, there is a clear demand.” The experience of Zilinskiene’s clients is not new. As reported in The Sunday Times last week, newly published MI5 archive documents revealed that the thick Glaswegian accent of Mick McGahey, the former vice-president of the National Union of Mineworkers, proved indecipherable to the security service operatives who bugged his phone calls. Janey Godley, the award-winning comedian, is characteristically frank about the problems that come with speaking like an extra from River City rather than a BBC executive at White City. “I would love to say that people in my beautiful, cosmopolitan home city speak as clear as a bell but they don’t,” she says. “The accent is incredibly difficult, it’s very exclusive and not everybody gets it.”  “I quickly learned to speak clearly,” she says. “I am proud of where I came from and under no circumstance did I change my accent to hide that — I changed it so people in New York and New Zealand could understand me.” The comic, who performed to sell-out crowds and rave reviews at the Edinburgh Fringe, said Glaswegians routinely face the sorts of snide comments that would be considered unacceptable if they were directed against other groups in society. She recalls how the late writer Clement Freud sneeringly demanded a translator after she appeared alongside him on Radio 4. “When I go down to England I don’t do any gags for the first six or seven minutes. I just talk to the audience and I speak slowly and that usually helps them get attuned to it.” He believes the Glasgow dialect is unfairly maligned. “I don’t think Glaswegian is any more difficult to understand than other regional accents, like those in Liverpool or the east end of London,” he says. According to linguists, the genesis of the Glasgow dialect has much to do with the fact that the city has always been a cultural melting pot. James Scobbie, professor of speech science at Edinburgh’s Queen Margaret University, said Glaswegian remains one of the UK’s most distinctive accents. “All Scottish accents are very different from others in the English-speaking world. We have an ‘r’ that is pronounced, while other accents are ‘r’-less,” he says. The historical lack of social mobility in the city accounts for the accent’s resilience. Dr Jennifer Smith, a senior lecturer in Glasgow University’s English language department, says the city’s pockets of deprivation, which rank among the worst in Europe, have prevented the accent’s dillution. “We know that Glasgow is statistically poorer and there are a lot of deprived areas, so within those areas there is a lot of non-mobility,” she says. “In that situation, you get dialects passed down and down through the generations.” Smith believes greater television exposure could help Britain tune in, understand and even love Glaswegian. “The Newcastle dialect sounds very different from standard English, but people don’t seem to have as much of a problem as they do with the Glasgow dialect. There are quite a lot of Geordie accents in the media. The more exposure you have to different dialects, the more you pick up on them.” But the idea of employing translators to decipher Glaswegians’ diction has angered city fathers. Alex Mosson, the former Lord Provost who worked alongside Connolly on the Clyde shipyards, says: “It’s a lot of tripe. I travelled the world as Lord Provost and nobody failed to understand me.” Back in the Gallowgate a grandmother bristles at the suggestion that non-Glaswegians should need an interpreter. “It’s a pure brass neck, so it is,” she says. “We can un’erstaund every word o’ EastEnders and Friends nae borra at aw, but they cannae get the gist of whit we talk like. It’s oot a order.” Read full article here: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article6879460.ece

Deals are said to have sunk when entrepreneurs from England or abroad were confronted with the patois synonymous with Rab C Nesbitt, the fictional string-vested Govan ne’erdowell.

Jurga Zilinskiene, the Lithuanian boss of Today Translations, insists the move is no gimmick and there is a real need for staff capable of making “Weegie” understood from Vilnius to Vancouver.

“We are aware that some of our foreign and UK clients can find the Glaswegian accent difficult to decipher,” states Zilinskiene in near perfect received pronunciation. “While it’s unusual for us to want someone to translate a dialect of English, there is a clear demand.”

The experience of Zilinskiene’s clients is not new. As reported in The Sunday Times last week, newly published MI5 archive documents revealed that the thick Glaswegian accent of Mick McGahey, the former vice-president of the National Union of Mineworkers, proved indecipherable to the security service operatives who bugged his phone calls.

Janey Godley, the award-winning comedian, is characteristically frank about the problems that come with speaking like an extra from River City rather than a BBC executive at White City. “I would love to say that people in my beautiful, cosmopolitan home city speak as clear as a bell but they don’t,” she says. “The accent is incredibly difficult, it’s very exclusive and not everybody gets it.”

 “I quickly learned to speak clearly,” she says. “I am proud of where I came from and under no circumstance did I change my accent to hide that — I changed it so people in New York and New Zealand could understand me.”

The comic, who performed to sell-out crowds and rave reviews at the Edinburgh Fringe, said Glaswegians routinely face the sorts of snide comments that would be considered unacceptable if they were directed against other groups in society. She recalls how the late writer Clement Freud sneeringly demanded a translator after she appeared alongside him on Radio 4.

“When I go down to England I don’t do any gags for the first six or seven minutes. I just talk to the audience and I speak slowly and that usually helps them get attuned to it.”

He believes the Glasgow dialect is unfairly maligned. “I don’t think Glaswegian is any more difficult to understand than other regional accents, like those in Liverpool or the east end of London,” he says.

According to linguists, the genesis of the Glasgow dialect has much to do with the fact that the city has always been a cultural melting pot.

James Scobbie, professor of speech science at Edinburgh’s Queen Margaret University, said Glaswegian remains one of the UK’s most distinctive accents. “All Scottish accents are very different from others in the English-speaking world. We have an ‘r’ that is pronounced, while other accents are ‘r’-less,” he says.

The historical lack of social mobility in the city accounts for the accent’s resilience. Dr Jennifer Smith, a senior lecturer in Glasgow University’s English language department, says the city’s pockets of deprivation, which rank among the worst in Europe, have prevented the accent’s dillution.

“We know that Glasgow is statistically poorer and there are a lot of deprived areas, so within those areas there is a lot of non-mobility,” she says. “In that situation, you get dialects passed down and down through the generations.”

Smith believes greater television exposure could help Britain tune in, understand and even love Glaswegian. “The Newcastle diale
ct sounds very different from standard English, but people don’t seem to have as much of a problem as they do with the Glasgow dialect. There are quite a lot of Geordie accents in the media. The more exposure you have to different dialects, the more you pick up on them.”

But the idea of employing translators to decipher Glaswegians’ diction has angered city fathers. Alex Mosson, the former Lord Provost who worked alongside Connolly on the Clyde shipyards, says: “It’s a lot of tripe. I travelled the world as Lord Provost and nobody failed to understand me.”

Back in the Gallowgate a grandmother bristles at the suggestion that non-Glaswegians should need an interpreter. “It’s a pure brass neck, so it is,” she says. “We can un’erstaund every word o’ EastEnders and Friends nae borra at aw, but they cannae get the gist of whit we talk like. It’s oot a order.”

Read full article here: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article6879460.ece